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</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Conjunctivitis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Pink eye</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">An eye with viral conjunctivitis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a>, <a href="Optometry" title="Optometry">optometry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Reddish_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Reddish eye">Reddish eye</a>, scratchiness<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Viral conjunctivitis: up to two weeks<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Cause_(medicine)" title="Cause (medicine)">Causes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Viral_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Viral infection">Viral</a>, <a href="Bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial infection">bacterial</a>, allergies<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms, <a href="Microbial_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial culture">microbial culture</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Handwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Handwashing">Handwashing</a><sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Based on underlying cause<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">3–6 million per year (US)<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">
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<p><b>Conjunctivitis</b>, also known as <b>pink eye</b> or <b>Madras eye</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is <a href="Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> of the <a href="Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">conjunctiva</a>, the thin, clear layer that covers the white surface of the eye and the inner <a href="Eyelid" title="Eyelid">eyelid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peads10_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peads10-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It makes the eye appear pink or reddish.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pain, burning, scratchiness, or itchiness may occur.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The affected eye may have increased tears or be "stuck shut" in the morning.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Swelling of the <a href="Sclera" title="Sclera">sclera</a> may also occur.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Itching is more common in cases due to allergies.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conjunctivitis can affect one or both eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The most common infectious causes in adults are viral, whereas in children, bacterial causes predominate.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2023_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand_2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The viral infection may occur along with other symptoms of a <a href="Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both viral and bacterial cases are easily spread between people.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allergies to pollen or animal hair are also a common cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diagnosis is often based on signs and symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasionally, a sample of the discharge is sent for <a href="Microbial_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbial culture">culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Prevention is partly by <a href="Handwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Handwashing">handwashing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treatment depends on the underlying cause.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the majority of viral cases, there is no specific treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most cases due to a bacterial infection also resolve without treatment; however, <a href="Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> can shorten the illness.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who wear <a href="Contact_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact lenses">contact lenses</a> and those whose infection is caused by <a href="Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a> or <a href="Chlamydia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlamydia infection">chlamydia</a> should be treated.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allergic cases can be treated with <a href="Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a> or <a href="Mast_cell_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mast cell inhibitor">mast cell inhibitor</a> drops.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>About 3 to 6 million people get acute conjunctivitis each year in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, people get better in one or two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If visual loss, significant pain, sensitivity to light or signs of <a href="Herpes" title="Herpes">herpes</a> occur, or if symptoms do not improve after a week, further diagnosis and treatment may be required.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conjunctivitis in a newborn, known as <a href="Neonatal_conjunctivitis" title="Neonatal conjunctivitis">neonatal conjunctivitis</a>, may also require specific treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-NIH2015_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NIH2015-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div>
<p><a href="Red_eye_(medicine)" title="Red eye (medicine)">Red eye</a>, <a href="Chemosis" title="Chemosis">swelling of the conjunctiva</a>, and <a href="Epiphora_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiphora (medical)">watering</a> of the eyes are symptoms common to all forms of conjunctivitis. However, the pupils should be normally reactive, and the visual acuity should be normal.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Conjunctivitis is identified by inflammation of the conjunctiva, manifested by irritation and redness. Examination using a <a href="Slit_lamp" title="Slit lamp">slit lamp</a> (biomicroscope) may improve diagnostic accuracy. Examination of the palpebral conjunctiva, which overlies the inner aspects of the eyelids, is usually more diagnostic than examination of the bulbal conjunctiva, which overlies the sclera.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viral">Viral</h3></div>
<p>Approximately 80% of cases of conjunctivitis in adults and less than 20% in children are due to viruses, with 65% to 90% of these cases being attributed to adenoviruses.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2023_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand_2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Viral conjunctivitis is often associated with an infection of the upper respiratory tract, a common cold, or a sore throat. Other associated signs may include <a href="Preauricular_deep_parotid_lymph_nodes" title="Preauricular deep parotid lymph nodes">pre-auricular</a> lymph node swelling and contact with another person with a red eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2023_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand_2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eye pain may be present if the cornea is also involved.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2023_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand_2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its symptoms include excessive watering and itching. The discharge in viral conjunctivitis is usually (but not always) watery.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2023_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand_2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The infection usually begins in one eye but may spread easily to the other eye.
</p><p>Viral conjunctivitis manifests as a fine, diffuse pinkness of the conjunctiva which may be mistaken for <a href="Iritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iritis">iritis</a>, but corroborative signs on <a href="Microscopy" title="Microscopy">microscopy</a>, particularly numerous <a href="Lymph_follicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymph follicle">lymphoid follicles</a> on the <a href="Tarsus_(eyelids)" title="Tarsus (eyelids)">tarsal</a> conjunctiva, and sometimes a <a href="Punctate_keratitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Punctate keratitis">punctate keratitis</a> are seen.
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergic">Allergic</h3></div>
<p><a href="Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">Allergic conjunctivitis</a> is <a href="Allergic_Inflammation" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergic Inflammation">inflammation</a> of the conjunctiva due to allergy.<sup id="cite_ref-Bielory_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bielory-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific <a href="Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a> may differ among patients. Symptoms result from the release of <a href="Histamine" title="Histamine">histamine</a> and other active substances by <a href="Mast_cell" title="Mast cell">mast cells</a>, and consist of redness (mainly due to <a href="Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">vasodilation</a> of the peripheral small blood vessels), swelling of the conjunctiva, itching, and increased production of tears.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacterial">Bacterial</h3></div>
<p>Bacteria are responsible for approximately 70% of conjunctivitis in children and less than 20% of cases in adults.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2023_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand_2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common bacteria responsible for bacterial conjunctivitis are <i><a href="Staphylococcus" title="Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></i> including <a href="Staph_aureus" class="mw-redirect" title="Staph aureus">Staph aureus</a>, <i><a href="Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i> such as <a href="Strep_pneumoniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Strep pneumoniae">strep pneumoniae</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="Haemophilus" title="Haemophilus">Haemophilus</a></i> species and <a href="Moraxella_catarrhalis" title="Moraxella catarrhalis">Moraxella catarrhalis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2023_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand_2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less commonly, <i>Chlamydia</i> spp. and Niesseria species (<a href="Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</a> and <a href="Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis</a>) may be the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Durand_2023_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durand_2023-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-merck_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-merck-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infection with <i><a href="Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> may also cause conjunctivitis, particularly in the <a href="Infant" title="Infant">neonatal</a> subtype <a href="Ophthalmia_neonatorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ophthalmia neonatorum">ophthalmia neonatorum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacterial conjunctivitis usually causes a rapid onset of conjunctival redness, swelling of the eyelid, and a sticky discharge. Typically, symptoms develop first in one eye, but may spread to the other eye within 2–5 days. Conjunctivitis due to common <a href="Pyogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyogenic">pus-producing</a> bacteria causes marked grittiness or irritation and a stringy, opaque, greyish or yellowish <a href="Mucopurulent_discharge" title="Mucopurulent discharge">discharge</a> that may cause the lids to stick together, especially after sleep. Severe crusting of the infected eye and the surrounding skin may also occur. The gritty or scratchy feeling is sometimes localized enough that patients may insist that they have a foreign body in the eye.
</p>
<p>Bacteria such as <i><a href="Chlamydia_trachomatis" title="Chlamydia trachomatis">Chlamydia trachomatis</a></i> or <i><a href="Moraxella" title="Moraxella">Moraxella</a></i> spp. can cause a nonexudative but persistent conjunctivitis without much redness. Bacterial conjunctivitis may cause the production of membranes or pseudomembranes that cover the conjunctiva. Pseudomembranes consist of a combination of <a href="Inflammatory_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Inflammatory cell">inflammatory cells</a> and exudates and adhere loosely to the conjunctiva, while true membranes are more tightly adherent and cannot be easily peeled away. Cases of bacterial conjunctivitis that involve the production of membranes or pseudomembranes are associated with <i><a href="Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</a></i>, β-hemolytic streptococci, and <i><a href="Corynebacterium_diphtheriae" title="Corynebacterium diphtheriae">Corynebacterium diphtheriae</a></i>. <i>C. diphtheriae</i> causes membrane formation in the conjunctiva of unimmunized children.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3></div>
<p>Chemical eye injury may result when an <a href="Acidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a> or <a href="Alkali" title="Alkali">alkaline</a> substance gets in the eye.<sup id="cite_ref-Bet09_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bet09-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alkali burns are typically worse than acidic burns.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP08_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP08-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mild burns produce conjunctivitis, while more severe burns may cause the <a href="Cornea" title="Cornea">cornea</a> to turn white.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP08_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP08-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Litmus" title="Litmus">Litmus paper</a> may be used to test for chemical causes.<sup id="cite_ref-Bet09_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bet09-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a chemical cause has been confirmed, the eye or eyes should be flushed until the <a href="PH" title="PH">pH</a> is in the range 6–8.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP08_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP08-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anaesthetic eye drops can be used to decrease the pain.<sup id="cite_ref-AFP08_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP08-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Irritant or toxic conjunctivitis is primarily marked by redness. If due to a chemical splash, it is often present in only the lower conjunctival sac. With some chemicals, above all with caustic alkalis such as <a href="Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>, <a href="Necrosis" title="Necrosis">necrosis</a> of the conjunctiva marked by a deceptively white eye due to vascular closure may occur, followed by sloughing off of the dead <a href="Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelium</a>. A slit lamp examination is likely to show evidence of <a href="Iritis" class="mw-redirect" title="Iritis">anterior uveitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biomarkers">Biomarkers</h3></div>
<p>Omics technologies have been used to identify biomarkers that inform on the emergence and progression of conjunctivitis. For example, in chronic inflammatory cicatrizing conjunctivitis, active <a href="Oxylipins" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxylipins">oxylipins</a>, <a href="Lysophospholipid" class="mw-redirect" title="Lysophospholipid">lysophospholipids</a>, <a href="Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, and <a href="Endocannabinoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocannabinoid">endocannabinoids</a> alterations, from which potential biomarkers linked to inflammatory processes were identified.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3></div>
<p>Inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn is a conjunctivitis that may be caused by the bacterium <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>, and may lead to acute, <a href="Purulent" class="mw-redirect" title="Purulent">purulent</a> conjunctivitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Microbiology_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microbiology-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is usually self-healing.<sup id="cite_ref-Microbiology_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microbiology-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div>
<p>Viruses are the most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacterial infections, allergies, other irritants, and dryness are also common causes. Both bacterial and viral infections are contagious, passing from person to person or spread through contaminated objects or water. Contact with contaminated fingers is a common cause of conjunctivitis. Bacteria may also reach the conjunctiva from the edges of the eyelids and surrounding skin, from the nasopharynx, from infected eye drops or contact lenses, from the genitals, or from the bloodstream.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Infection by human adenovirus accounts for 65% to 90% of cases of viral conjunctivitis.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viral_2">Viral</h3></div>
<p><a href="Adenoviruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenoviruses">Adenoviruses</a> are the most common cause of viral conjunctivitis (<a href="Adenoviral_keratoconjunctivitis" title="Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis">adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Yanoff_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanoff-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Herpetic_keratoconjunctivitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis">Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis</a>, caused by <a href="Herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes simplex">herpes simplex</a> viruses, can be serious and requires treatment with <a href="Aciclovir" title="Aciclovir">aciclovir</a>. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is a highly contagious disease caused by one of two <a href="Enterovirus" title="Enterovirus">enteroviruses</a>, enterovirus 70 and <a href="Coxsackievirus" title="Coxsackievirus">coxsackievirus</a> A24. These were first identified in an outbreak in Ghana in 1969 and have spread worldwide since then, causing several epidemics.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacterial_2">Bacterial</h3></div>
<p>The most common causes of acute bacterial conjunctivitis are <i><a href="Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i>, <i><a href="Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">Streptococcus pneumoniae</a></i>, and <i><a href="Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">Haemophilus influenzae</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanoff_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanoff-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though very rare, hyperacute cases are usually caused by <i><a href="Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae</a></i> or <i><a href="Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis</a></i>. Chronic cases of bacterial conjunctivitis are those lasting longer than 3 weeks and are typically caused by <i>S. aureus</i>, <i><a href="Morax-Axenfeld_diplobacilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Morax-Axenfeld diplobacilli">Moraxella lacunata</a></i>, or Gram-negative enteric flora.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergic_2">Allergic</h3></div>
<p>Conjunctivitis may also be caused by allergens such as pollen, perfumes, cosmetics, smoke,<sup id="cite_ref-FD_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FD-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dust mites, <a href="Balsam_of_Peru" title="Balsam of Peru">Balsam of Peru</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-google1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or eye drops.<sup id="cite_ref-MedNews_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MedNews-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most frequent cause of conjunctivitis is allergic conjunctivitis, and it affects 15% to 40% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Allergic conjunctivitis accounts for 15% of eye related primary care consultations; most including seasonal exposures in the spring and summer or perpetual conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_2">Other</h3></div>
<ul><li><a href="Computer_vision_syndrome" title="Computer vision syndrome">Computer vision syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="Dry_eye_syndrome" title="Dry eye syndrome">Dry eye syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">Reactive arthritis</a>: Conjunctivitis is part of the triad of <a href="Reactive_arthritis" title="Reactive arthritis">reactive arthritis</a>, which is thought to be caused by <a href="Autoimmune" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune">autoimmune</a> cross-reactivity following certain bacterial infections. Reactive arthritis is highly associated with <a href="HLA-B27" title="HLA-B27">HLA-B27</a>. Conjunctivitis is associated with the autoimmune disease <a href="Relapsing_polychondritis" title="Relapsing polychondritis">relapsing polychondritis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Puechal_2014_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Puechal_2014-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cantarini_2014_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantarini_2014-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div>
<p>Cultures are not often taken or needed, as most cases resolve either with time or typical antibiotics. If bacterial conjunctivitis is suspected, but no response to topical antibiotics is seen, swabs for bacterial culture should be taken and tested. Viral culture may be appropriate in epidemic case clusters.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>A <a href="Patch_test" title="Patch test">patch test</a> is used to identify the causative allergen in allergic conjunctivitis.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Although conjunctival scrapes for <a href="Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">cytology</a> can be useful in detecting chlamydial and <a href="Fungus#Mycology" title="Fungus">fungal</a> infections, allergies, and <a href="Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">dysplasia</a>, they are rarely done because of the cost and the general dearth of laboratory staff experienced in handling ocular specimens. Conjunctival incisional biopsy is occasionally done when <a href="Granulomatous" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulomatous">granulomatous</a> diseases (<i>e.g.</i>, <a href="Sarcoidosis" title="Sarcoidosis">sarcoidosis</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or dysplasia are suspected.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3></div>
<p>Conjunctivitis may be classified either by cause or by extent of the inflamed area.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Causes_2">Causes</h4></div>
<ul><li>Allergy</li>
<li>Bacteria</li>
<li>Viruses</li>
<li>Chemicals</li>
<li>Autoimmune</li></ul>
<p>Neonatal conjunctivitis is often grouped separately from bacterial conjunctivitis because it is caused by different bacteria than the more common cases of bacterial conjunctivitis.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="By_extent_of_involvement">By extent of involvement</h4></div>
<p>Blepharoconjunctivitis is the dual combination of conjunctivitis with <a href="Blepharitis" title="Blepharitis">blepharitis</a> (inflammation of the eyelids).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Keratoconjunctivitis" title="Keratoconjunctivitis">Keratoconjunctivitis</a> is the combination of conjunctivitis and <a href="Keratitis" title="Keratitis">keratitis</a> (<a href="Cornea" title="Cornea">corneal</a> inflammation).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Blepharokeratoconjunctivitis is the combination of conjunctivitis with blepharitis and keratitis. It is clinically defined by changes of the lid margin, meibomian gland dysfunction, redness of the eye, conjunctival chemosis, and corneal inflammation.<sup id="cite_ref-OGallagher_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OGallagher-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Differential_diagnosis">Differential diagnosis</h3></div>
<p>Some more serious conditions can present with a red eye, such as infectious keratitis, angle-closure glaucoma, or iritis. These conditions require the urgent attention of an ophthalmologist. Signs of such conditions include decreased vision, significantly increased sensitivity to light, inability to keep the eye open, a pupil that does not respond to light, or a severe headache with nausea.<sup id="cite_ref-McGra-Hill_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGra-Hill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluctuating blurring is common, due to tearing and mucoid discharge. Mild photophobia is common. However, if any of these symptoms is prominent, considering other diseases such as <a href="Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a>, <a href="Uveitis" title="Uveitis">uveitis</a>, <a href="Keratitis" title="Keratitis">keratitis</a>, and even <a href="Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> or <a href="Caroticocavernous_fistula" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroticocavernous fistula">carotico-cavernous fistula</a> is important.
</p><p>A more comprehensive differential diagnosis for the red or painful eye includes:<sup id="cite_ref-McGra-Hill_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McGra-Hill-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<ul><li><a href="Corneal_abrasion" title="Corneal abrasion">Corneal abrasion</a></li>
<li><a href="Subconjunctival_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Subconjunctival hemorrhage">Subconjunctival hemorrhage</a></li>
<li><a href="Pinguecula" title="Pinguecula">Pinguecula</a></li>
<li><a href="Blepharitis" title="Blepharitis">Blepharitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Dacryocystitis" title="Dacryocystitis">Dacryocystitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Keratoconjunctivitis_sicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratoconjunctivitis sicca">Keratoconjunctivitis sicca</a> (dry eye)</li>
<li><a href="Keratitis" title="Keratitis">Keratitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Herpes_simplex" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes simplex">Herpes simplex</a></li>
<li><a href="Herpes_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpes zoster">Herpes zoster</a></li>
<li><a href="Episcleritis" title="Episcleritis">Episcleritis</a> – an <a href="Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> condition that produces a similar appearance to conjunctivitis, but without discharge or tearing</li>
<li><a href="Uveitis" title="Uveitis">Uveitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Acute_angle-closure_glaucoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute angle-closure glaucoma">Acute angle-closure glaucoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Endophthalmitis" title="Endophthalmitis">Endophthalmitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Orbital_cellulitis" title="Orbital cellulitis">Orbital cellulitis</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div>
<p>The most effective prevention is good hygiene, especially avoiding rubbing the eyes with infected hands. Vaccination against some of the causative pathogens, such as <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i>, pneumococcus, and <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> is also effective.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p><a href="Povidone-iodine" title="Povidone-iodine">Povidone-iodine</a> eye solution has been found to prevent neonatal conjunctivitis.<sup id="cite_ref-Is2003_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Is2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is becoming more commonly used globally because of its low cost.<sup id="cite_ref-Is2003_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Is2003-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2></div>
<p>Conjunctivitis resolves in 65% of cases without treatment, within 2–5 days. The prescription of antibiotics is not necessary in most cases.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viral_3">Viral</h3></div>
<p>Viral conjunctivitis usually resolves on its own and does not require any specific treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antihistamines (e.g., <a href="Diphenhydramine" title="Diphenhydramine">diphenhydramine</a>) or mast cell stabilizers (e.g., <a href="Cromoglicic_acid" title="Cromoglicic acid">cromolyn</a>) may be used to help with the symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Povidone-iodine has been suggested as a treatment, but as of 2008, evidence to support it was poor.<sup id="cite_ref-BartlettJaanus2008_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BartlettJaanus2008-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allergic_3">Allergic</h3></div>
<p>For allergic conjunctivitis, cool water poured over the face with the head inclined downward constricts capillaries, and <a href="Artificial_tears" title="Artificial tears">artificial tears</a> sometimes relieve discomfort in mild cases. In more severe cases, <a href="NSAID" class="mw-redirect" title="NSAID">nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications</a> and <a href="Antihistamine" title="Antihistamine">antihistamines</a> may be prescribed. Persistent allergic conjunctivitis may also require topical steroid drops.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacterial_3">Bacterial</h3></div>
<p>Bacterial conjunctivitis usually resolves without treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Topical antibiotics may be needed only if no improvement is observed after 3 days.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No serious effects were noted either with or without treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because antibiotics speed healing in bacterial conjunctivitis, their use may be considered.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antibiotics are also recommended for those who wear contact lenses, are <a href="Immunocompromised" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocompromised">immunocompromised</a>, have disease which is thought to be due to chlamydia or gonorrhea, have a fair bit of pain, or have copious discharge.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gonorrheal or chlamydial infections require both oral and topical antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>The choice of antibiotic varies based on the strain or suspected strain of bacteria causing the infection. <a href="Fluoroquinolones" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolones">Fluoroquinolones</a>, <a href="Sodium_sulfacetamide" class="mw-redirect" title="Sodium sulfacetamide">sodium sulfacetamide</a>, or <a href="Trimethoprim/polymyxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimethoprim/polymyxin">trimethoprim/polymyxin</a> may be used, typically for 7–10 days.<sup id="cite_ref-Yanoff_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yanoff-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cases of meningococcal conjunctivitis can also be treated with systemic penicillin, as long as the strain is sensitive to penicillin.
</p><p>When investigated as a treatment, povidone-iodine ophthalmic solution has also been observed to have some effectiveness against bacterial and chlamydial conjunctivitis, with a possible role suggested in locations where topical antibiotics are unavailable or costly.<sup id="cite_ref-Am_J_Ophthalmol_2002_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Am_J_Ophthalmol_2002-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_2">Chemical</h3></div>
<p>Conjunctivitis due to chemicals is treated via <a href="Therapeutic_irrigation" title="Therapeutic irrigation">irrigation</a> with <a href="Ringer's_lactate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringer's lactate">Ringer's lactate</a> or <a href="Saline_(medicine)" title="Saline (medicine)">saline solution</a>. Chemical injuries, particularly alkali burns, are medical emergencies, as they can lead to severe scarring and intraocular damage. People with chemically induced conjunctivitis should not touch their eyes to avoid spreading the chemical.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div>
<p>Conjunctivitis is the most common eye disease.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rates of disease are related to the underlying cause, which varies by age as well as the time of year. Acute conjunctivitis is most frequently found in infants, school-age children, and the elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most common cause of infectious conjunctivitis is viral conjunctivitis.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>It is estimated that acute conjunctivitis affects 6 million people annually in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Some seasonal trends have been observed for the occurrence of different forms of conjunctivitis. In the Northern Hemisphere, the occurrence of bacterial conjunctivitis peaks from December to April, viral conjunctivitis peaks in the summer months, and allergic conjunctivitis is more prevalent throughout the spring and summer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>
<p>An adenovirus was first isolated by Rowe et al. in 1953. Two years later, Jawetz et al. published on epidemic keratoconjunctivitis.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 437">: 437 </span></sup> "Madras eye" is a colloquial term that has been used in <a href="India" title="India">India</a> for the disease.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outbreak_in_Pakistan">Outbreak in Pakistan</h3></div>
<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="Pink_eye_outbreak_in_Pakistan" title="Pink eye outbreak in Pakistan">Pink eye outbreak in Pakistan</a></div>
<p>In September 2023, a significant outbreak of conjunctivitis occurred in <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>. The outbreak began in <a href="Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and quickly spread to <a href="Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, <a href="Rawalpindi" title="Rawalpindi">Rawalpindi</a>, and <a href="Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>. By the end of the month, over 86,133 cases had been reported in <a href="Punjab%2C_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a> alone. The rapid spread of the disease led to the temporary closure of schools in the region. This event marked one of the largest outbreaks of Pink Eye in the country's recent history.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div>
<p>Conjunctivitis imposes economic and social burdens. The cost of treating bacterial conjunctivitis in the United States was estimated to be $377 million to $857 million per year.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 1% of all primary care office visits in the United States are related to conjunctivitis. Approximately 70% of all people with acute conjunctivitis present to primary care and urgent care.<sup id="cite_ref-Az2013_3-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Az2013-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Conjunctival_suffusion" title="Conjunctival suffusion">Conjunctival suffusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Ophthalmia" title="Ophthalmia">Ophthalmia</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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<li id="cite_note-McGra-Hill-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McGra-Hill_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McGra-Hill_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLongo2012" class="citation book cs1">Longo DL (2012). "Disorders of the Eye(Horton JC)". <i>Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine</i>. McGra-Hill.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-Is2003-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Is2003_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Is2003_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFIsenberg2003" class="citation journal cs1">Isenberg SJ (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1705857">"The ocular application of povidone-iodine"</a>. <i>Community Eye Health</i>. <b>16</b> (46): <span class="nowrap">30–</span>31. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1705857">1705857</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17491857">17491857</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRose2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rose P (August 2007). "Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review". <i>Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy</i>. <b>8</b> (12): <span class="nowrap">1903–</span>1921. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14656566.8.12.1903">10.1517/14656566.8.12.1903</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17696792">17696792</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45899988">45899988</a>.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-BartlettJaanus2008-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BartlettJaanus2008_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBartlettJaanus2008" class="citation book cs1">Bartlett JD, Jaanus SD (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Eybg7fbs65MC&pg=PA454"><i>Clinical Ocular Pharmacology</i></a>. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 454–. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7506-7576-5</bdi>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203204429/https://books.google.com/books?id=Eybg7fbs65MC&pg=PA454">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2016.</cite></span>
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<li id="cite_note-:2-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFChenLiuNurmatovvan_Schayck2023" class="citation journal cs1">Chen YY, Liu SH, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Kuo IC (March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10014114">"Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis"</a>. <i>The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>3</b> (3): CD001211. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD001211.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD001211.pub4</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10014114">10014114</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36912752">36912752</a>.</cite></span>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Conjunctivitis" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Conjunctivitis">Conjunctivitis</a></span>.</div></div>
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<ul>
<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medlineplus.gov/pinkeye.html">"Pink Eye"</a>. <i>MedlinePlus</i>. U.S. National Library of Medicine.</cite></li>
<li><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PuG1hvcdZBQ">"Metabolomics for Ocular Surface Disease"</a>. MSBB Group, Leiden University. 28 February 2021.</cite></li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167844" class="extiw external" title="d:Q167844">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/H10">H10</a></li><li><b><a href="International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=372.0">372.0</a></li><li><b><a href="Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D003231">D003231</a></li><li><b><a href="Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb3067.htm">3067</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/001010.htm">001010</a></li><li><b><a href="EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/emerg/110-overview">emerg/110</a></li><li><b><a href="Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/conjunctivitis">Conjunctivitis</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_human_eye126" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">
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</style><div id="Diseases_of_the_human_eye126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Diseases of the human eye</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Adnexa126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Accessory_visual_structures" title="Accessory visual structures">Adnexa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eyelid" title="Eyelid">Eyelid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inflammation23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inflammation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Stye" title="Stye">Stye</a></li>
<li><a href="Chalazion" title="Chalazion">Chalazion</a></li>
<li><a href="Blepharitis" title="Blepharitis">Blepharitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Meibomian_gland_dysfunction" title="Meibomian gland dysfunction">Meibomian gland dysfunction</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Entropion" title="Entropion">Entropion</a></li>
<li><a href="Ectropion" title="Ectropion">Ectropion</a></li>
<li><a href="Lagophthalmos" title="Lagophthalmos">Lagophthalmos</a></li>
<li><a href="Blepharochalasis" title="Blepharochalasis">Blepharochalasis</a></li>
<li><a href="Ptosis_(eyelid)" title="Ptosis (eyelid)">Ptosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Blepharophimosis" title="Blepharophimosis">Blepharophimosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Xanthelasma" title="Xanthelasma">Xanthelasma</a></li>
<li><a href="Ankyloblepharon" title="Ankyloblepharon">Ankyloblepharon</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Eyelash" title="Eyelash">Eyelash</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Trichiasis" title="Trichiasis">Trichiasis</a></li>
<li><a href="Madarosis" title="Madarosis">Madarosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Distichiasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Distichiasis">Distichiasis</a></li>
<li><a href="Trichomegaly" title="Trichomegaly">Trichomegaly</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lacrimal_apparatus" title="Lacrimal apparatus">Lacrimal apparatus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Dacryoadenitis" title="Dacryoadenitis">Dacryoadenitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Epiphora_(medicine)" title="Epiphora (medicine)">Epiphora</a></li>
<li><a href="Dacryocystitis" title="Dacryocystitis">Dacryocystitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Xerophthalmia" title="Xerophthalmia">Xerophthalmia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Orbit_(anatomy)" title="Orbit (anatomy)">Orbit</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Exophthalmos" title="Exophthalmos">Exophthalmos</a></li>
<li><a href="Enophthalmos" title="Enophthalmos">Enophthalmos</a></li>
<li><a href="Orbital_cellulitis" title="Orbital cellulitis">Orbital cellulitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Orbital_lymphoma" title="Orbital lymphoma">Orbital lymphoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Periorbital_cellulitis" title="Periorbital cellulitis">Periorbital cellulitis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Conjunctiva" title="Conjunctiva">Conjunctiva</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Chemosis" title="Chemosis">Chemosis</a></li>
<li>
<ul><li><a href="Allergic_conjunctivitis" title="Allergic conjunctivitis">allergic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Pterygium_(conjunctiva)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterygium (conjunctiva)">Pterygium</a></li>
<li><a href="Pseudopterygium" title="Pseudopterygium">Pseudopterygium</a></li>
<li><a href="Pinguecula" title="Pinguecula">Pinguecula</a></li>
<li><a href="Subconjunctival_bleeding" title="Subconjunctival bleeding">Subconjunctival hemorrhage</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Globe126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Globe_(human_eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Globe (human eye)">Globe</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Fibrous_tunic_of_eyeball" title="Fibrous tunic of eyeball">Fibrous tunic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Sclera" title="Sclera">Sclera</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Scleritis" title="Scleritis">Scleritis</a></li>
<li><a href="Episcleritis" title="Episcleritis">Episcleritis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cornea" title="Cornea">Cornea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Keratitis" title="Keratitis">Keratitis</a>
<ul><li><a href="Herpetic_keratitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetic keratitis">herpetic</a></li>
<li><a href="Acanthamoeba_keratitis" title="Acanthamoeba keratitis">acanthamoebic</a></li>
<li><a href="Fungal_keratitis" title="Fungal keratitis">fungal</a></li>
<li><a href="Exposure_keratitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposure keratitis">Exposure</a></li>
<li><a href="Photokeratitis" title="Photokeratitis">Photokeratitis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Corneal_ulcer" title="Corneal ulcer">Corneal ulcer</a></li>
<li><a href="Thygeson's_superficial_punctate_keratopathy" title="Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy">Thygeson's superficial punctate keratopathy</a></li>
<li><a href="Corneal_dystrophy" title="Corneal dystrophy">Corneal dystrophy</a>
<ul><li><a href="Fuchs'_dystrophy" title="Fuchs' dystrophy">Fuchs'</a></li>
<li><a href="Meesmann_corneal_dystrophy" title="Meesmann corneal dystrophy">Meesmann</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Corneal_ectatic_disorders" title="Corneal ectatic disorders">Corneal ectasia</a>
<ul><li><a href="Keratoconus" title="Keratoconus">Keratoconus</a></li>
<li><a href="Pellucid_marginal_degeneration" title="Pellucid marginal degeneration">Pellucid marginal degeneration</a></li>
<li><a href="Keratoglobus" title="Keratoglobus">Keratoglobus</a></li>
<li><a href="Terrien's_marginal_degeneration" title="Terrien's marginal degeneration">Terrien's marginal degeneration</a></li>
<li><a href="Post-LASIK_ectasia" title="Post-LASIK ectasia">Post-LASIK ectasia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Keratoconjunctivitis" title="Keratoconjunctivitis">Keratoconjunctivitis</a>
<ul><li><a href="Keratoconjunctivitis_sicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Keratoconjunctivitis sicca">sicca</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Corneal_opacity" title="Corneal opacity">Corneal opacity</a></li>
<li><a href="Corneal_neovascularization" title="Corneal neovascularization">Corneal neovascularization</a></li>
<li><a href="Kayser%E2%80%93Fleischer_ring" title="Kayser–Fleischer ring">Kayser–Fleischer ring</a></li>
<li><a href="Haab's_striae" title="Haab's striae">Haab's striae</a></li>
<li><a href="Arcus_senilis" title="Arcus senilis">Arcus senilis</a></li>
<li><a href="Band_keratopathy" title="Band keratopathy">Band keratopathy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Uvea" title="Uvea">Vascular tunic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Iris_(anatomy)" title="Iris (anatomy)">Iris</a></li><li><a href="Ciliary_body" title="Ciliary body">Ciliary body</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Uveitis" title="Uveitis">Uveitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Intermediate_uveitis" title="Intermediate uveitis">Intermediate uveitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Hyphema" title="Hyphema">Hyphema</a></li>
<li><a href="Rubeosis_iridis" title="Rubeosis iridis">Rubeosis iridis</a></li>
<li><a href="Persistent_pupillary_membrane" title="Persistent pupillary membrane">Persistent pupillary membrane</a></li>
<li><a href="Iridodialysis" title="Iridodialysis">Iridodialysis</a></li>
<li><a href="Synechia_(eye)" title="Synechia (eye)">Synechia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Choroid" title="Choroid">Choroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Choroideremia" title="Choroideremia">Choroideremia</a></li>
<li><a href="Choroiditis" class="mw-redirect" title="Choroiditis">Choroiditis</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chorioretinitis" title="Chorioretinitis">Chorioretinitis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Focal_choroidal_excavation" title="Focal choroidal excavation">Focal choroidal excavation</a></li>
<li><a href="Polypoidal_choroidal_vasculopathy" title="Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy">Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Lens_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (anatomy)">Lens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Cataract" title="Cataract">Cataract</a>
<ul><li><a href="Congenital_cataract" title="Congenital cataract">Congenital cataract</a></li>
<li><a href="Childhood_cataract" title="Childhood cataract">Childhood cataract</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Aphakia" title="Aphakia">Aphakia</a></li>
<li><a href="Ectopia_lentis" title="Ectopia lentis">Ectopia lentis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Retinal_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Retinal disease">Retina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Retinitis" title="Retinitis">Retinitis</a>
<ul><li><a href="Chorioretinitis" title="Chorioretinitis">Chorioretinitis</a></li>
<li><a href="Cytomegalovirus_retinitis" title="Cytomegalovirus retinitis">Cytomegalovirus retinitis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Retinal_detachment" title="Retinal detachment">Retinal detachment</a>
<ul><li><a href="Posterior_vitreous_detachment" title="Posterior vitreous detachment">Posterior vitreous detachment</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Retinoschisis" title="Retinoschisis">Retinoschisis</a></li>
<li><a href="Ocular_ischemic_syndrome" title="Ocular ischemic syndrome">Ocular ischemic syndrome</a> / <a href="Central_retinal_vein_occlusion" title="Central retinal vein occlusion">Central retinal vein occlusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Central_retinal_artery_occlusion" title="Central retinal artery occlusion">Central retinal artery occlusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Branch_retinal_artery_occlusion" title="Branch retinal artery occlusion">Branch retinal artery occlusion</a></li>
<li><a href="Retinopathy" title="Retinopathy">Retinopathy</a>
<ul><li><a href="Diabetic_retinopathy" title="Diabetic retinopathy">diabetic</a></li>
<li><a href="Hypertensive_retinopathy" title="Hypertensive retinopathy">hypertensive</a></li>
<li><a href="Purtscher's_retinopathy" title="Purtscher's retinopathy">Purtscher's</a></li>
<li><a href="Retinopathy_of_prematurity" title="Retinopathy of prematurity">of prematurity</a></li>
<li><a href="Bietti's_crystalline_dystrophy" title="Bietti's crystalline dystrophy">Bietti's crystalline dystrophy</a></li>
<li><a href="Coats'_disease" title="Coats' disease">Coats' disease</a></li>
<li><a href="Sickle_cell_retinopathy" title="Sickle cell retinopathy">Sickle cell</a></li>
<li><a href="Photic_retinopathy" title="Photic retinopathy">photic</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Macular_degeneration" title="Macular degeneration">Macular degeneration</a></li>
<li><a href="Retinitis_pigmentosa" title="Retinitis pigmentosa">Retinitis pigmentosa</a></li>
<li><a href="Retinal_haemorrhage" title="Retinal haemorrhage">Retinal haemorrhage</a></li>
<li><a href="Central_serous_retinopathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Central serous retinopathy">Central serous retinopathy</a></li>
<li><a href="Macular_edema" title="Macular edema">Macular edema</a></li>
<li><a href="Epiretinal_membrane" title="Epiretinal membrane">Epiretinal membrane</a> (Macular pucker)</li>
<li><a href="Vitelliform_macular_dystrophy" title="Vitelliform macular dystrophy">Vitelliform macular dystrophy</a></li>
<li><a href="Leber's_congenital_amaurosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Leber's congenital amaurosis">Leber's congenital amaurosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Birdshot_chorioretinopathy" title="Birdshot chorioretinopathy">Birdshot chorioretinopathy</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">Glaucoma</a> / <a href="Ocular_hypertension" title="Ocular hypertension">Ocular hypertension</a> / <a href="Primary_juvenile_glaucoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary juvenile glaucoma">Primary juvenile glaucoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Floater" title="Floater">Floater</a></li>
<li><a href="Leber's_hereditary_optic_neuropathy" title="Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy">Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy</a></li>
<li><a href="Ocular_hypotony" title="Ocular hypotony">Ocular hypotony</a></li>
<li><a href="Red_eye_(medicine)" title="Red eye (medicine)">Red eye</a></li>
<li><a href="Globe_rupture" title="Globe rupture">Globe rupture</a></li>
<li><a href="Fungal_keratitis" title="Fungal keratitis">Keratomycosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Phthisis_bulbi" title="Phthisis bulbi">Phthisis bulbi</a></li>
<li><a href="Persistent_fetal_vasculature" title="Persistent fetal vasculature">Persistent fetal vasculature</a></li>
<li><a href="Persistent_tunica_vasculosa_lentis" title="Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis">Persistent tunica vasculosa lentis</a></li>
<li><a href="Familial_exudative_vitreoretinopathy" title="Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy">Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy</a></li>
<li><a href="Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease">Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Pathways126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Visual_system" title="Visual system">Pathways</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Optic_nerve" title="Optic nerve">Optic nerve</a><br><a href="Optic_disc" title="Optic disc">Optic disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Optic_neuritis" title="Optic neuritis">Optic neuritis</a>
<ul><li><a href="Optic_papillitis" title="Optic papillitis">optic papillitis</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Papilledema" title="Papilledema">Papilledema</a>
<ul><li><a href="Foster_Kennedy_syndrome" title="Foster Kennedy syndrome">Foster Kennedy syndrome</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Optic_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Optic atrophy">Optic atrophy</a></li>
<li><a href="Optic_disc_drusen" title="Optic disc drusen">Optic disc drusen</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Optic_neuropathy" title="Optic neuropathy">Optic neuropathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Ischemic optic neuropathy">Ischemic</a>
<ul><li><a href="Anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Anterior ischemic optic neuropathy">anterior (AION)</a></li>
<li><a href="Posterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Posterior ischemic optic neuropathy">posterior (PION)</a></li>
<li><a href="Arteritic_anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy">arteritic anterior (AAION or arteritic AION)</a></li>
<li><a href="Non-arteritic_anterior_ischemic_optic_neuropathy" title="Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy">non-arteritic anterior (NAION)</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Kjer's_optic_neuropathy" title="Kjer's optic neuropathy">Kjer's</a></li>
<li><a href="Leber's_hereditary_optic_neuropathy" title="Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy">Leber's hereditary</a></li>
<li><a href="Toxic_and_nutritional_optic_neuropathy" title="Toxic and nutritional optic neuropathy">Toxic and nutritional</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Strabismus" title="Strabismus">Strabismus</a><br><a href="Extraocular_muscles" title="Extraocular muscles">Extraocular muscles</a><br><a href="Binocular_vision" title="Binocular vision">Binocular vision</a><br><a href="Accommodation_(eye)" class="mw-redirect" title="Accommodation (eye)">Accommodation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Paralytic_strabismus119" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Strabismus#Paralytic_strabismus" title="Strabismus">Paralytic strabismus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Ophthalmoparesis" title="Ophthalmoparesis">Ophthalmoparesis</a></li>
<li><a href="Chronic_progressive_external_ophthalmoplegia" title="Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia">Chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia</a></li>
<li><a href="Kearns%E2%80%93Sayre_syndrome" title="Kearns–Sayre syndrome">Kearns–Sayre syndrome</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cranial_nerve_disease" title="Cranial nerve disease">palsies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Oculomotor_nerve_palsy" title="Oculomotor nerve palsy">Oculomotor (III)</a></li>
<li><a href="Fourth_nerve_palsy" title="Fourth nerve palsy">Fourth-nerve (IV)</a></li>
<li><a href="Sixth_nerve_palsy" title="Sixth nerve palsy">Sixth-nerve (VI)</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Strabismus#Other_strabismus" title="Strabismus">Other strabismus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Esotropia" title="Esotropia">Esotropia</a> / <a href="Exotropia" title="Exotropia">Exotropia</a></li>
<li><a href="Hypertropia" title="Hypertropia">Hypertropia</a></li>
<li><a href="Heterophoria" title="Heterophoria">Heterophoria</a>
<ul><li><a href="Esophoria" title="Esophoria">Esophoria</a></li>
<li><a href="Exophoria" title="Exophoria">Exophoria</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Cyclotropia" title="Cyclotropia">Cyclotropia</a></li>
<li><a href="Brown's_syndrome" title="Brown's syndrome">Brown's syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="Duane_syndrome" title="Duane syndrome">Duane syndrome</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other binocular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Conjugate_gaze_palsy" title="Conjugate gaze palsy">Conjugate gaze palsy</a></li>
<li><a href="Convergence_insufficiency" title="Convergence insufficiency">Convergence insufficiency</a></li>
<li><a href="Internuclear_ophthalmoplegia" title="Internuclear ophthalmoplegia">Internuclear ophthalmoplegia</a></li>
<li><a href="One_and_a_half_syndrome" title="One and a half syndrome">One and a half syndrome</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Refraction" title="Refraction">Refraction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Refractive_error" title="Refractive error">Refractive error</a>
<ul><li><a href="Far-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-sightedness">Hyperopia</a></li>
<li><a href="Near-sightedness" class="mw-redirect" title="Near-sightedness">Myopia</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Astigmatism" title="Astigmatism">Astigmatism</a></li>
<li><a href="Anisometropia" title="Anisometropia">Anisometropia</a> / <a href="Aniseikonia" title="Aniseikonia">Aniseikonia</a></li>
<li><a href="Presbyopia" title="Presbyopia">Presbyopia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vision_disorder" title="Vision disorder">Vision disorders</a><br><a href="Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">Blindness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Amblyopia" title="Amblyopia">Amblyopia</a></li>
<li><a href="Leber's_congenital_amaurosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Leber's congenital amaurosis">Leber's congenital amaurosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Diplopia" title="Diplopia">Diplopia</a></li>
<li><a href="Scotoma" title="Scotoma">Scotoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">Color blindness</a>
<ul><li><a href="Achromatopsia" title="Achromatopsia">Achromatopsia</a></li>
<li><a href="Dichromacy" title="Dichromacy">Dichromacy</a></li>
<li><a href="Monochromacy" title="Monochromacy">Monochromacy</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Nyctalopia" title="Nyctalopia">Nyctalopia</a>
<ul><li><a href="Oguchi_disease" title="Oguchi disease">Oguchi disease</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">Blindness</a> / <a href="Vision_loss" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision loss">Vision loss</a> / <a href="Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairment</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Anopsia" title="Anopsia">Anopsia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Hemianopsia" title="Hemianopsia">Hemianopsia</a>
<ul><li><a href="Binasal_hemianopsia" title="Binasal hemianopsia">binasal</a></li>
<li><a href="Bitemporal_hemianopsia" title="Bitemporal hemianopsia">bitemporal</a></li>
<li><a href="Homonymous_hemianopsia" title="Homonymous hemianopsia">homonymous</a></li></ul></li>
<li><a href="Quadrantanopia" title="Quadrantanopia">Quadrantanopia</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">subjective</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Asthenopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Asthenopia">Asthenopia</a></li>
<li><a href="Hemeralopia" title="Hemeralopia">Hemeralopia</a></li>
<li><a href="Photophobia" title="Photophobia">Photophobia</a></li>
<li><a href="Scintillating_scotoma" title="Scintillating scotoma">Scintillating scotoma</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Pupil" title="Pupil">Pupil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Anisocoria" title="Anisocoria">Anisocoria</a></li>
<li><a href="Argyll_Robertson_pupil" title="Argyll Robertson pupil">Argyll Robertson pupil</a></li>
<li><a href="Marcus_Gunn_pupil" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Gunn pupil">Marcus Gunn pupil</a></li>
<li><a href="Adie_syndrome" title="Adie syndrome">Adie syndrome</a></li>
<li><a href="Miosis" title="Miosis">Miosis</a></li>
<li><a href="Mydriasis" title="Mydriasis">Mydriasis</a></li>
<li><a href="Cycloplegia" title="Cycloplegia">Cycloplegia</a></li>
<li><a href="Parinaud's_syndrome" title="Parinaud's syndrome">Parinaud's syndrome</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Nystagmus" title="Nystagmus">Nystagmus</a></li>
<li><a href="Childhood_blindness" title="Childhood blindness">Childhood blindness</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Infections126" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Eye_disease" title="Eye disease">Infections</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">
<ul><li><a href="Trachoma" title="Trachoma">Trachoma</a></li>
<li><a href="Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">Onchocerciasis</a></li></ul>
</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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